Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management - Essay Example 2 weeks 5/1/11-5/15/11 (Project Manager and Owner) 4) Acquire bids from chosen suppliers for the unmodified trailers, equipment, food and general staples. 2 weeks 5/15/11-5/29/11( Project Manager and Owner-President) 5) Sign a contract with one supplier for the trailer and equipment and two suppliers for food and operational supplies.1 week 5/29/11-6/5/11(Owner-President) 6) Order trailer, equipment and materials from chosen suppliers for leasehold improvements and final trailer prototype.1 week 5/29/11-6/5/11(Project Manager) 7) Acquire bids and choose one fabrication shop for custom sub assemblies to be used in the trailer.1 week 5/29/11-6/5/11(Project Manager) 8) Choose and lease suitable commercial building for the warehouse and manufacturing area and corporate facilities for D'Angelo Pizzeria corporate headquarters. 2 weeks 5/29/11-6/12/11(Project Manager) 9) Incorporate D'Angelo Pizzeria Co. and franchise division. 2 weeks 5/29/11-6/12/11 10) Interview and hire personnel for Dà ¢â‚¬â„¢Angelo Pizzeria manufacturing and corporate operations. 4 weeks 5/29/11-6/26/11( Project Manager and Owner-President) 11) Assemble final trailer prototype and perform testing and debugging. 2 weeks 6/12/11-6/26/11( 2 x Assembly technicians ,Project Manager, Owner) 12) Choose and document final design parameters for trailer after prototype testing. 1 week 6/26/11-7/3/11 (Project Manager) 13) Research and secure two locations for the first corporate owned D'Angelo Pizzeria. 2 weeks 6/26/11-7/10/11 (Project Manager, Owner-President) 14) Establish and document all operational, training and franchisee procedures and develop the final draft for operational, franchisee, training, and employee manuals for review. 4 weeks 6/26/11-7/24/11 (Project Manager, Owner-President) 15) Develop the Strategic Marketing plan. 2 weeks 7/10/11-7/24/11 (Project Manager) 16) Assemble two ready to run D'Angelo Pizzeria trailer units to be used for the corporate owned pilot stores for the D'Angelo Pizze ria franchise. 3 weeks 7/3/11-7/24/11(2x Assembly technicians, Project Manager) 17) Finish corporate infrastructure for the launch of the D’Angelo private franchises within 6 months. 1 week 7/24/11-7/31/11(Project Manager) 18) Grand Opening of the first two corporate owned D'Angelo Franchises on 8/1/11 Project Cost and Operational Analysis As reviewed in the Time Phased Budget the project is divided in 18 tasks or deliverables which will be completed from 5/1/11 to 8/1/11, an 18 week period or 3.5 months (Kanodia, 2011). The total project cost has been streamlined to minimize project risks and maximize return of investment for the initial phase for the D'Angelo Pizzeria project launch. By limiting project scope to just building the company infrastructure and launching just the first two corporate owned D'Angelo Pizzerias; we are implementing a strategy that serves to maximize project speed, efficiency and ensures the best possibility to achieve timely completion of the projec t goals and within the allocated budget structure (Haughey, 2011). Although we originally underestimated trailer size and equipment requirements we were able to achieve significant cost savings in other project areas. By streamlining project requirements and limiting project scope to a working minimum we were able to minimize project costs and expenses and maximize the chances of a successful project completion (Projectstreamline, 2010). The total cost for the project has been revised to a total cumulative

Computer Generated Imagery in Movie Production Essay - 8

Computer Generated Imagery in Movie Production - Essay Example These new techniques include the use of motion capture or motion tracking. Avatar used this extensively especially in the development of some scenes which required the performance of the actor to be well captured. The use of motion or performance capture is done with a set of equipment. The first set includes sensors which are placed in the strategic locations where they can sense the motions of the individual. These sensors are then connected to a computer or a colony of computers which analyze the data collected by the sensors and they use this data to apply it to the animated objects. In Avatar, this method was used to capture the facial performance of the actors such as the movement of the lips, the eyes and the cheeks and the data was then used to animate the non-human characters. Motion-capture suits were also used to capture the motion of the whole body. The director of the movie thought it would be necessary to use this technology rather than completely depending on onscreen animation. The actors would wear special suits such as the leotard with sensors attached all over it (Johnson para 4). Each sensor has a computing capability making it possible for it to collect data and send it to a computer which would then analyze the data and create motion data for the computer graphics. In the making of Avatar, unlike in the making of Jurassic Park, the technology was developed specifically for the development of the movie. So, unlike in Jurassic Age where CGI was used as a way to complement the other techniques used to create reality, such as animatronics, CGI in Avatar was developed specially to the development of the movie. James Cameron, the director of Avatar spent over a decade developing this technology. This included special stereoscopic cameras which were able to capture the actions of the actions and effectively transfer this to the computer models such as the Navi  monkey-like beings.  

Reflection on Inter-professional (IP) Working

Reflection on Inter-professional (IP) Working Introduction. Professional development and up to date practice is a requirement of the nursing profession. Reflection is a vital component of this (Gustafson and Fagerberg, 2004) and allows nurses to critically and actively evaluate their practice in the light of current research and their own learning. Reflection has been defined as a process of describing experiences and then using reflection as a basis from which to ask questions about practice (Bowden, 2003). The NMC (2004) states that nurses should use professional standards of practice to self-assess performance. This essay evaluates my own learning in relation to the NMC Standards through the use of a reflective cycle by Gibbs (1998) (see Appendix). The focus of the reflection is Inter-professional (IP) working. IP is a fundamental component of education programmes for Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions (Pollard et al, 2004). The NMC (2004) states in the standards of proficiency for entry to the register that student nurses sh ould: â€Å"consult other health care professionals when individual or group needs fall outside the scope of nursing practice.† (p26). â€Å"utilise a range of effective and appropriate communication and engagement skills† (p 27). â€Å"seek specialist/expert advice as appropriate.† (p28) â€Å"establish and maintain collaborative working relationships with members of the health and social care team and others.† (p32) â€Å"participate with members of the health and social care team in decision-making concerning patients and clients.† (p32) â€Å"review and evaluate care with members of the health and social care team and others.† (p32) Description: What Happened. In providing care for clients allocated to me on the general medical ward, I engaged with the case of Mrs B, who had been admitted seven days previously from a nursing home with dehydration and confusion. Mrs B was registered blind, and required full nursing care which was delivered according to a care plan. Having been treated with IV fluids and encouraged with diet and oral fluids, she had made a good recovery and my role was to implement a discharge planning process with her, so that she could return to the nursing home. In order to assess her discharge needs, I consulted occupational therapy colleagues, dieticians, medical colleagues and social work colleagues to ensure that her needs would be met in her home environment. I also attended the ward rounds with the medical consultant and his team, to gain the expert advice needed to ensure all Mrs B’s needs were met and that she was well enough for discharge. In collaboration with other nursing colleagues and the occupational therapist, dietician and social worker, I reviewed the care plan, carried out a thorough reassessment and evaluation of Mrs B’s condition, medication and ongoing care needs, and drew up a comprehensive discharge plan, including communication to the receiving nursing home. I also discussed all of her needs with Mrs B, and her family, and ensured their input was included into the discharge plan. Feelings The sense of responsibility attached to discharge planning is considerable, and I was aware that I needed to ensure all Mrs B’s needs had been addressed. I felt uncomfortable in some of my interactions with other professionals, and frustrated at times with communication issues. Evaluation I felt confident in care planning and evaluation, having had ample opportunities to develop these skills over my training, but was also aware of the scrutiny of colleagues. This kind of scrutiny was double-edged, in that I felt uncomfortable to be the subject of scrutiny but that it also helped me to focus on the highest standards of care. It was difficult sometimes to ensure timely communication with these colleagues, and the responsibility for ensuring collaborative working and good communication was also somewhat stressful. Analysis At this stage of my training, I was very aware of requirements that I meet standards of competency related to the nursing role. This led to an initial reconsideration of what competency actually is. For example, competency has been described as being able to complete tasks (Gonczi 1993), but professional competence is much more than this. In this case, the ability to complete single tasks was evident in my ability to plan and manage care. Identifying individual nursing tasks in relation to Mrs B was a part of this process, and the process contains in-built mechanisms of evaluation which, if applied objectively, allow the nurse to ‘tick off’ tasks as achieved or in progress. But the complexity of care planning does not led itself to a simple task-based approach, and it is here that the greatest challenge to competence can be identified. The holistic approach to nursing requires the nurse work in a collaborative, inter-professional manner. In particular, it is important to take into account the context of nursing care and presence and contribution of others, including their effect on performance (Ashworth and Saxton, 1990; Field, 1991; Collins, 1991). The NSF for Older People demands the provision of care services which are based around the needs of older people and their carers (DOH, 2001). In order to meet these needs, there is a need to employ â€Å"an integrated approach to service provision†¦ regardless of professional or organisational boundaries.† (DOH, 2001, p9.) Thus IP working can be seen to be fundamental to the process of discharge planning for Mrs B. One of the challenges for my practice was to identify all the other professionals who might need to be engaged in this process. Some of these were obvious, such as the medical team, other nurses, and the dietician, who already played a fundamental role in her care management and implementation. The other professionals involved were not as obvious, and I had to consult with senior nurses to identify where other professional colleagues might be important in discharge planning. There were also other challenges in this process, in engaging with other professionals and carrying out individualised discharge planning. The NSF for Older People recognises that this has been a problem in the past, acknowledging that organisational structures have hitherto had the effect of impeding the provision of individualised care management packages (DOH, 2001.) One of the difficulties I reflected upon was the conflicting demands of such an individualised process which formed only one of my many nursing duties in a busy medical ward environment. And the sense of achievement I felt in taking such responsible role was not always reflected in the ways in which other colleagues interacted with me. Discussion with other nursing colleagues, and some exploration of the theoretical and research literature on this subject identified that this is no new experience for nurses engaged in IP working. Research seems to indicate that medical hegemony leads to the pivotal role of nurses in IP working being largely unacknowledged, which can affect the development of collaborative care practices (Coombs and Ersser, 2004). However, a new awareness of this issue made me more confident and proactive in engaging with other professionals, which led to a negotiation of sorts, during the communication process, between my role and some of their perceptions of my role and position in the institutional hierarchy. There were definite lessons to be learned from this in particular. Adapting modes of communication, paying attention to communication, and formalising communication through detailed record keeping all supported this process. I also learned how vital the nursing role is in inter-professional, client-centred working, if the highest standards of care are to be consistently achieved and maintained for every client. Some authors argue that nurses, as the primary care contact for the majority of patients, should seek to distinguish and celebrate their practice as professionally discrete from that of others because of their intimate and sustained knowledge of their clients (Price, 2006). This is a really important point, and one which allows me to take my experience forward into future practice and build on my confidence in addressing challenging situations. Conclusion I felt that I ‘matured’ through this particular care incident and my own reflections upon it, coming to terms with a sometimes uncomfortable reality of persistent hierarchies, stereotypical beliefs and defensive protection of professional role boundaries. My own competence in achieving an excellent discharge process, engaging in communication despite considerable challenges, and ensuring individualised care in an IP context were all signposts of considerable achievement in my professional journey. However, I could also have perhaps worked more collaboratively with other colleagues, qualified nursing colleagues in particular, who might have been able to give me some advance warning of these issues and perhaps identified ways in which I could overcome them. Instead, I learned the hard way. Action Plan Explore alternative strategies for inter-professional communication. Carry out further research into the challenges of IP working and its benefits. Explore ways to safely challenge rigid roles and hierarchies whilst still providing client-centred care. Seek out support from colleagues when challenging situations arise and build on this experience in future nursing practice. Carry out future cycles of reflection on similar clinical issues, and compare these to previous reflections to clearly signpost my own learning and development. References Ashworth, P. and Saxton, J. (1990).On competence. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 14, 3-25. Bowden, S.D. (2003) Enhancing your professional nursing practice through critical reflection. Abu Dhabi Nurse Summer 28-31. Collins, M. (1991). Adult education as vocation. London: Routledge. Coombs, M. Ersser, S.J. (2004) Medical hegemony in decision-making – a barrier to interdisciplinary working in intensive care? Journal of Advanced Nursing 46 (3) 245-252. Department of Health, (2001) National Service Framework for Older People. Available from www.dh.gov.uk/publications accessed 22-3-07. Field, J. (1991). Competency and pedagogy of labour. Studies in Education of Adults, 33(1), 41-52. Gonczi, A. (1993). Competence and competencies: A global perspective. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Competencies in Nursing Adelaide: Australian Nursing Federation (SA Branch) Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing. A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford Gustafsson, C. and Fagerberg, I. (2004) Reflection: the way to professional development? Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 271-280. Knight, P. (1995) Assessment for Learning in Higher Education London: Kogan Page. Neary, M. (2000) Responsive assessment of clinical competence. Nursing Standard 15 (10) 35-40. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Conduct Available from www.nmc-uk.org Accessed 30-4-07. Pollard, K.C., Miers, M.E. Gilchrist, M. (2004) Collaborative learning for collaborative working? Initial findings from a longitudinal study of health and social care students. Health and Social Care in the Community 12 (4) 346-358. Price, B. (2006) Exploring person-centred care. Nursing Standard 20 (50) 49-56. Appendix Gibbs (1988) Cycle of Reflection http://www.nursesnetwork.co.uk/images/reflectivecycle.gif

Educational Philosophy :: Education Careers Teaching Essays

Educational Philosophy Ever since I was little and starting my education I have wanted to become a teacher. It is a lifelong goal of mine and I hope someday I can fulfill this goal. This past summer my dream of becoming a teacher was further strengthened. I had the opportunity to coach a peewee football team and this decision turned out to be very instrumental to me as a person. I realized many things about myself and I realized where I wanted to go in life. I found out that I loved to teacher kids things I love as a person. I truly found out that I wanted to make kids my life and more specifically I wanted to become a Physical Education and Health teacher. It was just as Sputnik turned America’s light bulb on, that this summer turned my light bulb on. Throughout my education I have learned a variety of techniques and ideas that have been effective and not so effective in my own education. I have found that the teachers who sit behind the desk bore you till no end are not as effective as those teachers who have a hands on, enthusiastic learning environment. Thus, this brings me to my philosophy of education. First, I believe as a teacher you should be a true enthusiast. I know from past experiences if a teacher brings enthusiasm to their work it will enhance their classroom and also the ability of their students to learn. As this type of teacher I want to display a positive and enthusiastic attitude that hopefully will diffuse through my students like a wildfire. A positive attitude will get positive results and that will translate into enthusiasm for both the students and the teacher. Though I will act in a professional manner, I want to become as one with the students. I want my enthusiasm to enable the students to experience the best environment for learning and experimenting with the curriculum. I also want to display a progressivist attitude in my classroom. I believe that hands on learning is the most effective way of teaching a student new, unfamiliar subject matter. Being in a Physical Education environment, I believe this will be the most effective philosophy in my classroom.

Practical Business Analysis Essay

1. Re-do all problems in Practice Problem Set 1. 2. Dollar Car Rental Co. was originally named Dollar a Day Car Rental because they charged $1.00 per day to rent a car, plus a charge per mile driven. Many customers complained that the odometers on Dollar’s cars recorded more miles than were actually driven. To evaluate these complaints you take a random sample of 6 Dollar’s cars, drive them on a carefully measured 100-mile course, and record the miles driven as registered by the odometers. The results are 100, 105, 109, 102, 107, and 101, with the sample standard deviation around 3.578. a. Using these sample results, construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean miles recorded by all Dollar cars for a 100-mile trip. b. As a legal consultant hired by the group of the customers who complained about the odometers, do you have enough evidence to support your clients’ claim? State your hypotheses (H0 vs. Ha), rejection region and both statistical and sub stantive conclusions. 3. The grades on the final examination given in a large organic chemistry class are normally distributed with a mean of 72 and a standard deviation of 8. The instructor of this class wants to assign an â€Å"A† grade to the top 10% of the scores, a â€Å"B† grade to the next 10% of the scores, a â€Å"C† grade to the next 10% of the scores, a â€Å"D† grade to the next 10% of the scores, and an â€Å"F† grade to all scores below the 60th percentile of this distribution. For each possible letter grade, find the lowest acceptable score within the established range. 4. The weekly demand for General Motors car sales follows a normal distribution with a mean of 40,000 cars and a standard deviation of 12,000 cars. a. There is a 5% chance that GM will sell more than what number of cars during the next week? b. What is the probability that GM will sell between 20 and 23 thousand cars during the next week? 5. A department store is interested in the average balance that is carried on its store’s credit card. A sample of 40 accounts reveals an average balance of $1,250 and a standard deviation of $350. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean account balance on this store’s credit card. b. What sample size would be needed to ensure that we could estimate the true mean account balance and have only 5 chances in 100 of being off by more than $100? 6. A marketing research consultant hired by Coca-Cola is interested in determining the proportion of customers who favor Coke over other soft drinks. A random sample of 400 consumers was selected from the market under investigation and showed that 53% favored Coca-Cola over other brands. a. Compute a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of people who favor Coke. Do the results of this poll convince you that a majority of people favor Coke? b. Suppose 2,000 (not 400) people were polled and 53% favored Coke. Would you now be convinced that a majority of people favor Coke? 7. BatCo (The Battery Company) produces your typical consumer battery. The company claims that their batteries last at least 100 hours, on average. Your experience with the BatCo battery has been somewhat different, so you decide to conduct a test to see if the companies claim is true. You believe that the mean life is actually less than the 100 hours BatCo claims. You decide to collect data on the average battery life (in hours) of a random sample and the information related to the hypothesis test is presented below. Use this information to answer the following questions. a. You believe that the mean life is actually less than 100 hours, should you conduct a one-tailed or a two-tailed hypothesis test? State your alternative hypothesis. b. If you use a 5% significance level, would you conclude that the mean life of the batteries is typically more than 100 hours? State the rejection region and calculate the test statistic. c. If you were to use a 1% significance level in this case, would you conclude that the mean life of the batteries is typically more than 100 hours? Explain your answer. 8. Q-Mart is interested in comparing customer who used it own charge card with those who use other types of credit cards. Q-Mart would like to know if customers who use the Q-Mart card spend more money per visit, on average, than customers who use some other type of credit card. They have collected information on a random sample of 38 charge customers and the data is presented below. On average, the person using a Q-Mart card spends $192.81 per visit and customers using another type of card spend $104.47 per visit. Use the information below to answer the following questions. a. Given the information above, what is [pic] and [pic] for this comparison? Also, does this represent a one-tailed or a two-tailed test? Explain your answer. b. Using a 1% level of significance, is there sufficient evidence for Q-Mart to conclude that customers who use the Q-Mart card charge, on average, more than those who use another charge card? Explain your answer. 9. Suppose that you were asked to test H0: ÃŽ ¼ = 10 versus Ha: ÃŽ ¼ > 10 at the [pic] = 0.05 significance level and with a sample of size n = 10. Furthermore, suppose that you observed values of the sample mean and sample standard deviation and concluded that H0 be rejected. Is it true that you might fail to reject H0 if you were to observe the same values of the sample mean and standard deviation from a sample with n > 10? Why or why not? 10. Stock-market analysts are keenly interested in determining what factors influence the price of a stock. After some examination, a statistician hypothesized that a stock price (Y in $) would be affected by its quarterly dividends (X1 in $), its price/earnings ratio (X2), and the interest rate of treasury bills (X3 in %). The values of the relevant variables were observed for a period of 40 quarters. When the data were run on STATGRAPHICS PLUS, the accompanying printout was created.

Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others

A PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† UNDERTAKEN AT INDIA INFOLINE LTD. BARDOLI [pic] SUBMITTED BY: DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) GUIDED BY: Mr. NAVIN H. SAPARIYA BBA PROGRAMME (Year 2012-13) [pic] VIDYABHARTI TRUST COLLEGE OF BBA & BCA, UMRAKH I DIMPLE SHARMA from Vidyabharti Trust College of BBA & BCA, Umrakh hereby declare that the project report work entitled â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund With Others† submitted by Ms. DIMPLE M. SHARMA Id no. 0BBA52 during December 2012 to February 2013 has been undertaken as a part of 6th Semester of BBA syllabus of Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat. I declare that this report has not been submitted to any other university or institute for any other purposes. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52) This Project work is written in accordance with the Bachelor of Business Administration course prescribed by Veer Narmad South Gujarat University for two month project work.I am greatly thankful to India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli for giving me an opportunity to work on this project at their company. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Viral Chauhan, I/c Principal of BBA College who gave me the chance to do this project report under India Infoline Ltd. , Bardoli. I wish to express my deep sense gratitude to my guide Mr. Navin H. Sapariya; whose constant help and support at all stages of this project has enable me to complete it. I am thankful to my company guide Mr.Parag Khatri, for providing his valuable suggestion and guidance which has given final touch to the report and also for sharing his rich experience for the contents of this report without whom this project would not have been completed successfully. Last but not least, I am also grateful to my parents, colleagues whose continuous support has always boosted my moral towards working on this report. DIMPLE M. SHARMA (10BBA52)As a partial fulfillment of BBA Programmed all students are required to undergo training for 2 months with respected to this I have prepared a project report on Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with Others. The project is based under the assumption that, As Mutual Fund being a new investment avenue in the market people likes to get some information about Reliance Mutual Fund. I want to measure the performance of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes compared to others. In the duration of 8 weeks, I studied various Mutual Fund Schemes of Reliance & Open – Ended Fund like Equity Fund.In order to compare the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Others, I collected weekly net asset values of Reliance Mutual Fund Schemes & Open – Ended Fund Schemes for the period of 2007 to 2012. I compare schemes by calculating risk & return thereby to measure the performance of different schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Fund in equity schemes. In the Equity Fund Schemes, the years from 2009, 2010 & 2012 Reliance Mutual Fund is well performing among others. |Ch. No. |Topic | |Page No. |1. |Introduction | | | | |About Company Profile | | | | |About Topic | | | | |About Reliance Mutual Fund | | | |2. Research Methodology | | | |3. |Data Analysis and Interpretation | | | |4. |Findings | | | |5. |Conclusions | | | |6. |Recommendations | | | |7. References | | | | |Bibliography | | | CHAPTER: – 1 [pic]Introduction [pic] COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION OF INDIA INFO LINE PVT. LTD. |VISION OF THE COMPANY | |â€Å"Vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space. | | | | | | | | | |INTRODUCTION | |5 paisa is the trade name of the India Infoline Securities private limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline ltd. paisa | |holds membership of both the leading stock exchange of India viz. the Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange and is | |also a Depository Participant with NSDL and CDSL. It has tied up with the leading banks for funds transfer facilities Viz. City Bank, | |Centurion Ba nk, ICICI Bank and UTI bank the group has a membership of a Multi Commodities Exchange (MCX), National Commodities and | |Derivative Exchange of India (NCDEX) and the Dubai Gold and Commodities Exchange (DGCX). |India Infoline Ltd was founded in 1995 by a group of professionals with impeccable educational qualification and professional | |credentials. India Infoline is listed on BSE and NSE with a market capitalization of over $ 150 million. | |The India Infoline group, comprising the holding company, the India Infoline Ltd. And its wholly owned subsidiaries offers the entire | |gamut of investment products ranging from Equities and Insurance ,Fixed deposits ,GOI bonds , Loan products and other small saving | |instruments. It also owns and operates web sites, www. indiainfoline. om and www. 5paisa. com. | | | |India Infoline is a forerunner in the field of equity research. India Infoline’s research is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as | |â€Å"The best of the webâ₠¬  and â€Å"a must read for investor in Asia†. India Infoline’s research is available not just over the internet but | |also on international wire services like Bloomberg (code: ILL), Thomson first call and internet securities where it is amongst the most| |read Indian brokers. The India Infoline group has a significance presence across the country with over 500 branches in over 300 cities | |across India.All these offices are networked and connected with the corporate office in Mumbai. The group has invested significantly | |in technology and research, the result of which are there for everyone to see. The 5 paisa trading interface is one of the most | |advanced platforms available to retail investor in India. The group has membership on BSE and NSE for equities trading. It has a SEBI | |license for Portfolio Management under which, various schemes are offered, which have been continentally beating the benchmark indices | |since inception. | |THE INDIA INFOLINE LTD. |India Infoline Ltd, being a listed entity, is regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). It undertakes equities | |research which is acknowledged by none other than Forbes as Best of the web must read for investors in Asia'. Its various | |subsidiaries are in different lines of business and hence are governed by different regulators. The subsidiaries of India Infoline Ltd | |are: | |India Infoline Securities Private Ltd. |India Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd, which is engaged in the businesses of Equities broking | |and Portfolio Management Services. It holds memberships of both the leading stock exchanges of India viz. the Stock Exchange, Mumbai | |(BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It offers broking services in the Cash and Derivatives segments of the NSE as well as the | |Cash segment of the BSE. | |India Infoline Commodities Private Ltd. | |India Infoline Commodities Pvt.Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Inf oline Ltd, which is engaged in the business of commodities | |broking. Our experience in securities broking empowered us with the requisite skills and technologies to allow us offer commodities | |broking as a contra- | |Cyclical alternative to equities broking. We enjoy memberships with the MCX and NCDEX, two leading Indian commodities exchanges, and | |recently acquired membership of DGCX. We have a multi-channel delivery model, making it among the select few to online as well as | |offline trading facilities. |India Infoline Distribution Co. Ltd. | |India Infoline. com Distribution Co Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. and is engaged in the business of distribution of | |Mutual Funds, IPO’s, Fixed Deposits and other small savings products. It is one of the largest ‘vendor-independent' distribution houses| |and has a wide pan-India footprint of over 232 branches coupled with a huge number of ‘feet-on-street', which helps source and service | |custom ers across the length and breadth of India.Its unique value proposition of free doorstep expert advice coupled with free pick-up| |and delivery of cheques has been met with an enthusiastic response from customers and fund houses alike. Our business has expanded to | |include the online distribution of mutual funds, wherein users can view and compare different product offerings and download | |application forms which they can later submit to the product provider. | | | | | | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a registered Corporate Agent with the | |Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA). It is the largest Corporate Agent for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co Ltd, | which is India's largest private Life Insurance Company. | |India Infoline Investment Services Ltd. | |India Infoline Investment Service Ltd is also a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd. It has an NBF C license from the Reserve Bank of | |India (RBI) and offers margin-funding facility to the broking customers. | |India Infoline Insurance Broker Ltd. | |India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd and is a newly formed subsidiary which will carry out | |the business of Insurance broking. We have applied to IRDA for the insurance broking license and the clearance for the same is awaited. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OPERATIONS | |This is where the 5paisa subsidiary of the India Infoline group, comes in. They operate their functions through their domain knowledge | |and database on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers their customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Their customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of | |success | |India Infoline commodities private ltd. offers the investors the opportunity to participate in this market by facilitating trading in | |commodities futures.They are the members of Multi commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity Exchange of India | |(NCDEX). Their main function is to provide the investor with the complete range of commodities for trading, in both the morning as well | |as evening sessions. | |Trading can be online, over the phone or at their branches. Highly qualified, well trained relationship managers are available at their| |investor points across the country, to help the investor make the best of commodities trading! | |Besides all the above functions, they also leverage their skills in research, investments in cutting edge technology and understanding | |of investor’s requirements to ensure that their needs are taken care of.Thus, they perform the function of adding value to the | |investor’s money. | | | | | | | HISTORY & MILESTONES |Year | | |2011 |Launched IIFL Mutual Fund. | |2010 |Received in-principle approval fo r membership of the Singapore Stock Exchange | | |Received membership of the Colombo Stock Exchange. | | | |2009 |Acquired registration for Housing Finance | | |SEBI in-principle approval for Mutual Fund | | |Obtained Venture Capital license | | | | |2008 |Launched IIFL Wealth | | |Transitioned to insurance broking model | |2007 |Commenced institutional equities business under IIFL | |Formed Singapore subsidiary, IIFL (Asia) Pte Ltd | | | | |2006 |Acquired membership of DGCX | | |Commenced the lending business | | | | |2005 |Maiden IPO and listed on NSE, BSE | | | | |2004 |Acquired commodities broking license | | |Launched Portfolio Management Service | | | | |2003 |Launched proprietary trading platform Trader Terminal for retail customers | | | | |2000 |Launched online trading through www. 5paisa. com Started distribution of life insurance and mutual fund | | | | |1999 |Launched www. indiainfoline. om | | | | |1997 |Launched research products of leading Indian compani es, key sectors and the economy Client included | | |leading FIIs, banks and companies. | | | | |1995 |Commenced operations as an Equity Research firm | | | | PRODUCT & SERVICES Equities our core offering, gives us a leading market share in both retail and institutional segments.Over a million retail customers rely on our research, as do leading FIIs and MFs that invest billions. IIFL has rapidly emerged as one of the premier institutional equities houses in India with a team of over 25 research analysts, a full-fledged sales and trading team coupled with an experienced investment banking team. Private Wealth Management services cater to over 2500 families who have trusted us with close to Rs 25,000 crores ($ 5bn) of assets for advice. Investment Banking services are for corporates looking to raise capital. Our forte is Equity Capital Markets, where we have executed several marquee transactions. |IIFL’s investment banking division was launched in 2006.The business leverage s upon its strength of research and placement | |capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the skill-set to | |manage all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close interaction with investors as well as corporates helps us | |understand and offer tailor-made solutions to fulfill requirements. | | | |IIFL Mutual Fund made an impressive beginning in FY12, with lowest charge Nifty ETF. Other products include Fixed Maturity | |Plans. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Credit & Finance focuses on secured mortgages and consumer loans. Our high quality loan book of over Rs. 6,200 crores ($ 1. 2bn) is backed by strong capital adequacy of approximately 20%. IIFL offers a wide array of secured loan products. Currently, secured loans (mortgage loans, margin funding, loans against shares) comprise 94% of the loan book. The Company has discontinued its unsecured products. It has robust credit processes and collections mec hanism resulting in overall NPAs of less than 1%.The Company has deployed proprietary loan-processing software to enable stringent credit checks while ensuring fast application processing. Recently the company has also launched Loans against Gold. Life Insurance, Pension and other Financial Products, on open architecture complete our product suite to help customers build a balanced portfolio. IIFL entered the insurance distribution business in 2000 as ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd’s corporate agent. Later, it became an Insurance broker in October 2008 in line with its strategy to have an ‘open architecture’ model. The Company now distributes products of major insurance companies through its subsidiary India Infoline Insurance Brokers Ltd.Customers can choose from a wide bouquet of products from several insurance companies including Max New York Life Insurance, MetLife, Reliance Life Insurance, Bajaj Allianz Life, Birla Sunlife, Life Insurance Corporatio n, Kotak Life Insurance and others. |Commodities | |IIFL offers commodities trading to its customers vide its membership of the MCX and the NCDEX. Our domain knowledge and data | |based on in depth research of complex paradigms of commodity kinetics, offers our customers a unique insight into behavioral | |patterns of these markets. Our customers are ideally positioned to make informed investment decisions with a high probability of| |success. | IIFL (India Info Line Ltd) – Corporate Structure [pic] [pic] ABOUT THE TOPIC COMPARISON OF RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND WITH OTHERS† What are Mutual Funds? |A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus | |collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned | |through these investments and the capital appreciation realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of | |uni ts owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest | |in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost.The flow chart below describes broadly | |the working of a mutual fund: | |[pic] | | Mutual Fund Operation Flow Chart | | | | | | | | | | | |ORGANIZATION OF A MUTUAL FUND | |There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organizational set up of a mutual fund: | | [pic] | | Organization of a Mutual Fund | | | |ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS | |The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: | |Professional Management | |Diversification | |Convenient Administration | |ReturnPotential | |Low Costs | |Liquidity | |Transparency | |Flexibility | |Choice of schemes | |Tax benefits | |Well regulated | | | | | | | | | |TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES | |Wide varieties of Mutual Fund Schemes exist to cater to the needs such as financial position, r isk tolerance and return | |expectations etc. The table below gives an overview into the existing types of schemes in the Industry. | | | TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES BY STRUCTURE †¢ Open – Ended Schemes †¢ Close – Ended Schemes †¢ Interval Schemes BY INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE †¢ Growth Schemes †¢ Income Schemes †¢ Balanced Schemes †¢ Money Market Schemes OTHER SCHEMES †¢ Tax Saving Schemes †¢ Special Schemes – Index Schemes – Sector Specific Schemes | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FREQUENTLY USED TERMS | |   | |Net Asset Value (NAV) | | | |Net Asset Value is the market value of the assets of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of | |the scheme divided by the number of units outstanding on the Valuation Date. |   | |Sale Price | | | |Is the price you pay when you invest in a scheme? Also called Offer Price. It may include a sales load. | |   | |Repurchase Price | | | |Is the price at which units under open-ended schemes are repurchased by the Mutual Fund? Such prices are NAV related. |   | |Redemption Price | | | |Is the price at which close-ended schemes redeem their units on maturity. Such prices are NAV related. | |   | |Sales Load | | | |Is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the units?Also called, ‘Front-end’ load. Schemes that do not charge a load are | |called ‘No Load’ schemes. | |   | | | | | High Risk, High Return Many investors purchase a particular stock with the intention of making a big profit over a short period of time. However, this action is not investing, but a pure gambling. The reason for this is that you are never guaranteed that you will get the high returns you hope for over such a short period of time.There may be times in which stocks have put a record on short-term growth, but these occurrences are very rare. On average stocks have returned from 10% to 12%. However, thi s doesn't mean that all stocks return at these rates. The stock market is characterized by the trade-off between risk and return. The higher the risk the investor is willing and able to take, the higher the potential rewards from the investment. Therefore, if a particular investment offers you high returns, it is an indication that it will come with a high risk burden. As part of the selection process, you should determine the risk level of the stock as well as your risk tolerance. If you are looking for high returns you should be able to meet high potential losses as well.Many investors prefer young technology-oriented companies over blue chip companies, because the first provide higher returns than the latter. However, the latter provides its shareholders with regular dividends to compensate for the modest growth. So, the next time you are offered a stock that is expected to triple in value over a short time period, think carefully whether to invest in it, because the chances of i t failing to reach this level of return is extremely high. Risk : Return (finance) the financial term for profit or loss derived from an investment. Return is the benefit distributed to the owner. A person making an investment expects to get some return from the investment in the future. But as the future is uncertain, so is the future expected return.It is the uncertainty associated with the returns from an investment that introduces risk in to an investment. Standard Deviation: For the more technically-minded, Standard Deviation is â€Å"the basic statistical measure of the dispersion of a population of data observations around a mean†. In trading language it’s an indication of price fluctuation; it measures how far the closing price is from the average closing price over a set period. The greater the difference between the closing prices and the average price, the higher the standard deviation will be. The closer the closing prices are to the average price, the lowe r the standard deviation . he relative rate at which the price of security moves up and down. Risk is found by calculating the annualized standard deviation or daily changes in the price. Risk = standard deviation of closing price [for n periods] / average closing price [for n periods] [pic] The variance and standard deviation measure the extent of variability of possible returns from the expected return. Several other measures such as a range, semi-variance and mean absolute deviation have been used to indicate measure risk but standard deviation has been the most popularly accepted measure. The standard deviation or variance however provides a measurement of total risk associated with security.Total risk comprises of two components namely systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Variance: The variance of a random variable is a measure of its statistical dispersion, indicating how far from the expected value the variance is the average of squared deviation about the arithmetic mean f or a set of numbers It describes how far values lie from the mean. In particular, the variance is one of the moments of a distribution. [pic] Risk and Beta: As far as an investor is concerned, the systematic risk is no very important as it can be reduced or eliminated through diversification. It is an irrelevant risk. The risk that is relevant in decision making is the systematic risk because it is undiversifiable.Hence the investor seeks to measure the systematic risk of security. Systematic risk is the variability in security returns caused by changes in the economy or the market. All securities are affected by such changes to some extent, but some securities exhibit greater variability in response to market changes. Such securities are said to have higher systematic risk. A higher variability would indicate higher systematic risk and vice versa. The systematic risk of security is measured by a statistical measure called â€Å"Beta† the input data required for the calculati on for beta are the historical data of returns of the individual security as well as the returns of a representative stock market index.For the calculation of beta, the return of individual security is taken as dependent variable, and the return of the market index is taken as the independent variable. Beta is a score that measures a market stock’ volatility or risk against the rest of the market. It is calculating using regression analysis. â€Å"The Beta of an asset, ? , is a measure of the variability of that asset relative to the variability of the market as a whole . Beta is an index of the systematic risk of an asset†. Risk also implies return. Stocks with a high beta should have a higher return than the market. If you are accepting more risk you should accept more reward as beta measures the Risk of a securities return relative to the market the larger the beta, the security is more risky. A beta of 1. indicates a security of average risk a stock with beta great er than 1. 0 has above average risk. Its returns would be more risky than the market returns. A stock with less than 1. 0 would have below average risk. A security can have betas that are positive, negative or zero. It is a historical measure of systematic risk of systematic risk. In using this beta for investment decision making, the investor is assuming that the relationship between the security variability and market variability will continue to remain the same in future also. Investor can find the best use of beta ratio in short term decision making, where price volatility is important. Beta shows sensitivity of Stock market with that of index. If positive than moves with market. And if beta is negative it has inverse relationship. † Correlation: The correlation is one of the most useful statistics. A correlation is single number that describes degree of relationship between two variables. Correlation is a statistical technique that can show weather that how strongly pairs of variables are related. For example height and weight are related taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people. The relationship isn’t perfect. People of the same height vary in weight and you can think of two people. You know where the shorter one is heavier than the other taller one.Correlation can tell you just how much of the variation in people’s weight is elated to their heights. Compute the correlation value, the formula for correlation are: [pic] Covariance: Intuitively, covariance is the measure of how much two variables vary together. That is to say, the covariance becomes more positive for each pair of values which differ from their mean in the same direction, and becomes more negative with each pair of values which differ from their mean in opposite directions. In this way, the more often they differ in the same direction, the more positive the covariance, and the more often they differ in opposite directions, the more negative the covariance.The covariance between two real-valued random variables X and Y, with expected values E(X) = ? and E(Y) = ? is defined as: [pic] [pic] About Reliance Mutual Fund Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF) has been established as a trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 with Reliance Capital Limited (RCL), as the Settler/Sponsor and Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited (RCTCL), as the Trustee. RMF has been registered with the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) vide registration number MF/022/95/1 dated June 30, 1995. The name of Reliance Capital Mutual Fund was changed to Reliance Mutual Fund effective 11th March 2004 vide SEBI's letter no. IMD/PSP/4958/2004 date 11th March 2004.Reliance Mutual Fund was formed to launch various schemes under which units are issued to the Public with a view to contribute to the capital market and to provide investors the opportunities to make investments in diversified securities. The main objectives of the Reliance Mutual Fund are: †¢ To carry on the act ivity of a Mutual Fund as may be permitted at law and formulate and devise various collective Schemes of savings and investments for people in India and abroad and also ensure liquidity of investments for the Unit holders; †¢ To deploy Funds thus raised so as to help the Unit holders earn reasonable returns on their savings and †¢ To take such steps as may be necessary from time to time to realise the effects without any limitation.Our Schemes Equity The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time. Diversified Large Cap |Diversified Theme Based | |Diversified Multi Cap |Sector | |Diversified Mid Cap & Small Cap |Tax Saver | |Index |Arbitrage | |Banking |Balanced | DebtThe aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations. Ultra Short Term |Money Market Funds (Liquid Funds) | |Short Term Funds |Long Term Funds | |Monthly Income Plans | | Gold Gold is seen as a symbol of security and a sign of prosperity. Indian consumers consider gold jewellery as an investment and are well aware of gold’s benefits as a store of value. Gold is also recognized as a form of money in India, a tradable liquid asset. It is one of the foundation assets for Indian households and a means to accumulate wealth from a long term perspective. Gold investment has been in the culture of Indian tradition and has been on rise amongst the modern investors as well due to the financial uncertainty and inflationary pressures. Gold Exchange Traded Fund |Gold Savings Fund | [pic]Chapter – 2 research methodology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Problem Statement: â€Å"Comparison of Reliance Mutual Fund with others. † Scope of Study: The scope of the project is mainly concentrated on the different categories of the mutual funds such as equity schemes, debt fun ds, balanced funds and equity linked savings schemes etc. Research Objectives: Primary Objective: †¢ To know the best scheme of Mutual Fund by different parameters. Secondary Objectives: †¢ Understanding the attitude & behavior of the distributors towards Reliance Mutual Fund (RMF). Understanding the competition for the schemes provided by different Mutual Funds Company. †¢ Finding out ways & means to improve on the services by RMF. †¢ To evaluate investment performance of selected mutual funds in terms of risk and return. †¢ Also to analyze the performance of mutual fund schemes on the basis of various parameters. Importance of The Study: This study provides the good comparison to Reliance Mutual Fund for improving in their services and takes a sound decision regarding it. Reference Period: Reference period is 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2012. Research Design: I have selected Descriptive Research Design. Data Collection: Collect data with the help of distributor (INDIA INFOLINE) and Internet.Sample Size 5 schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & 5 schemes of Open – Ended Funds. Plan for Data Analysis: By stepwise like: †¢ Checking †¢ Editing †¢ Tabulating through Table, Charts & Graphs. LIMITATION OF STUDY: †¢ Data is collected from secondary sources which may not be as reliable as primary data so sometimes it may be lead wrong prediction about future. †¢ Data giving a prediction of market condition but other factors also affect to it so perfect suggestion may not be predicted. DIRECTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The study is held for direct Company and research department head. [pic]Chapter: – 3 Data Analysis & Interpretations DATA INTERPRETATIONThe study is based on the weekly scheme returns of Mutual Fund as well as the weekly return of NIFTY INDEX. The series of scheme returns computed from weekly scheme prices of the nifty index for the period of 5 years from 1st Jan 2007 to 31st Dec 2012 and tak e top 5 Open – Ended Schemes to measure risk and return. Risk is measured by standard deviation, beta, etc. Performance of Reliance Banking Fund & Other: [pic] |Funds Name | Beta |Standard Deviation |Correlation |Covariance |Return | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Fund- Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- |1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 8% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 92% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 6 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 77% |3. 9% |0. 93 |0. 0014 |82. 2% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund-|1. 03% |4. 7% |0. 86 |0. 0018 |110. 78% | |Growth | | | | | | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- |0. 78% |4. 7% |0. 65 |0. 0014 |98. 41% | |Growth | | | | | | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 7% | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |1. 03% | |Reliance Banking Fund- Growth |0. 98% | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 90% | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 86% | |UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund- Growth |0. 78% | Standard Deviation: Here, are the top 5 schemes that has moderate & low deviation which is somewhat good. Funds Name |Standard Deviation | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |3. 10% | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |3. 30 % | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |3. 50% | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 80% | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |3. 90% | Correlation:Here, are the top 5 schemes whose Correlation is High & Highly Moderate. |Funds Name |Correlation | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 95 | |TATA Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 93 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 92 | |Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund- Growth |0. 91 | |ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund- Growth |0. 6 | Covariance: Here, are top 5 schemes who has moderate to low variation compared to others. |Funds Name |Covariance | |Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund- Growth |0. 0004 | |Reliance Pharma Fund- Growth |0. 0008 | |Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund- Growth |0. 0011 | |ICICI Prudential FMCG Fund- Growth |0. 012 | |SBI Magnum Balanced Fund- Growth |0. 0013 | [pic] Chapter: – 5 Conclusions Conclusion Every investor wants to maximize his returns at the lowest possible risk or he tries to minim ize his risk keeping his returns equivalent, both gives him higher profits. In evaluating mutual funds, investors usually consider only the past returns generated by the fund without considering the risk associated with it. From the project, I conclude that, After analysis of all the schemes of reliance mutual fund & open – ended funds, there are 5 schemes that as high risk involved but there is also high return accumulated with it. These schemes are Reliance Banking Fund,Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund, Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund, ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund & UTI Pharma & Health Care Fund. Theory says that risk and return go hand in hand. And we can see that in these 5 schemes. Considering all the factors, the best scheme is Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund compare to all other schemes. [pic] CHAPTER – Recommendation †¢ After analyze the Risk and Return of all the schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – En ded Funds, I recommend that the Reliance Pharma Fund & Reliance MIP (Monthly Income Plan) Fund for the low risk takers and Reliance Banking Fund & ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund for the high risk takers.These schemes gives the highest return but there is also high risk compare to other schemes included in Reliance Mutual Fund & Open – Ended Funds. Those people invest in this schemes who believes that â€Å"High Risk, High Gain†. †¢ I also recommend that the SBI Magnum Balanced Fund and TATA Balanced Fund schemes are providing less return & having high risk so; there is highest risk to invest in these two schemes. [pic] Chapter: – 7 Bibliography ? www. mutualfundsindia. com/rankfund. rpt. asp ? http://www. personalfn. com/tools-and-resources/mutual-funds/nav-history. aspx ? http://www. indiainfoline. com/Aboutus/ ? http://www. reliancemutual. com/NAV/NAVDownload. aspx [pic] ———————– DECLARATION ACKNOWL EDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

Computers Are Making Users Sick †Health and Safety Essay

Computers Are Making Users Sick – Health and Safety Essay Free Online Research Papers Computers Are Making Users Sick Health and Safety Essay Almost half of all PC users in the UK have experienced health problems caused by using computers, research has found. According to a poll conducted by computer retailer PC World, eye strain was the most common problem associated with computer use, suffered by 25 per cent of users. About 15 per cent had experienced back pain, while headaches were experienced by 14 per cent of users. Of those surveyed, 11 per cent cited wrist pain and 10 per cent shoulder pain caused by prolonged PC use. A PC World representative said that health and safety guidelines introduced in UK businesses had not trickled down to home users. â€Å"It’s too easy to compromise your health. Adopting a simple routine of looking up, easing up or stretching and ultimately getting away from the PC can help you to avoid some of the aches and pains caused by extended use,† he said. In an average day, 18 per cent of people spend two or more hours using a PC at home, and 15 per cent at work. Two in five respondents took no breaks in two hours of PC usage. Respondents were also asked whether they used any of a range of products including flat-screen monitors, which help minimise eye strain, and ergonomic keyboards and mousemats. The majority of home users, 59 per cent used none of these products, with 54 per cent at work also using none. The most popular product was the mousemat with wrist rest, with 27 per cent of home PC users and 31 per cent at work using these products. Monitor screens designed to minimise glare were used by 14 per cent at home while six per cent were using ergonomic keyboards. In conjunction with the charity AbilityNet, PC World said it would launch a campaign to raise awareness of good computing practice to minimise the health risks associated with PC use.AbilityNet hopes to raise awareness of the health risks of PC use. Research Papers on Computers Are Making Users Sick - Health and Safety EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export Quotas

Converting Wavelength to Frequency of Light

Converting Wavelength to Frequency of Light This example problem demonstrates how to find the frequency of light from the wavelength. Wavelength is the distance or length between the peaks, troughs, or other fixed points on a wave. Frequency is the rate at which successive peaks, valleys, or points pass per second. Wavelength to Frequency Problem The Aurora Borealis is a night display in the Northern latitudes caused by ionizing radiation interacting with the Earths magnetic field and the upper atmosphere. The distinctive green color is caused by the interaction of the radiation with oxygen and has a wavelength of 5577 Ã…. What is the frequency of this light? Solution The speed of light, c, is equal to the product of the wavelength, ÃŽ », and the frequency, ÃŽ ½.ThereforeÃŽ ½ c/ÃŽ »ÃŽ ½ 3 x 108 m/sec/(5577 Ã… x 10-10 m/1 Ã…)ÃŽ ½ 3 x 108 m/sec/(5.577 x 10-7ÃŽ ½ 5.38 x 1014 Hz Answer: The frequency of the 5577 Ã… light is ÃŽ ½ 5.38 x 1014 Hz.

DARE, the Definitive Record of American Dialect, Is Done

DARE, the Definitive Record of American Dialect, Is Done DARE, the Definitive Record of American Dialect, Is Done DARE, the Definitive Record of American Dialect, Is Done By Mark Nichol You can stop holding your breath now. The sixth volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, the first segment of which was begun in 1975 and published ten years later, is now available. DARE, one of the most ambitious lexicographical projects in publishing history, is the culmination of decades of effort by hundreds of editors, writers, interviewers, and support staff to create a comprehensive survey of the astonishing variety of vocabulary and pronunciation in the United States. And though much has changed in language usage during the nearly half-century since the project’s first editor, Frederic G. Cassidy, launched the project by deploying dozens of fieldworkers to interview people all over the country and have them fill out an extensive questionnaire about their speaking habits, the language has remained refreshingly diverse. Despite the pervasiveness of our supposedly variety-flattening film and broadcast media, as well as the peripatetic nature of our culture, regional accents and vocabulary remain vigorously distinct. What does this mean for writers? Novelists and other fiction writers can still convey characters’ colorful speaking patterns and word choices, though at least as far as pronunciation is concerned, they should do so with caution. (See this post from another Daily Writing Tips contributor on the topic.) In nonfiction, however, writers must avoid seeming to be condescending or, worse, discriminatory, in representing pronunciation of dialect. Speakers of foreign extraction or of nonmainstream ethnic identity who retain foreign or regional or urban speech patterns should not be defined by the difference between their pronunciation habits and those represented by General American, or Standard American English, which is essentially a dialect that happenstance selected to predominate. Writers should keep in mind that everyone has an accent (except for me and many other residents of northern California, of course we all talk normal), and that to faithfully notate pronunciation idiosyncrasies is to invite accusations of racism or classism. Do, however, celebrate the rich variety of American English by exploring the vocabulary of its multitudinous dialects. DARE is available in many libraries and some bookstores and a beta electronic version is due out later in 2013 as are many breezier books with more modest numbers of entries. (DARE lists about 60,000 words.) Many words are, of course, suitable only for historical contexts, but others remain living specimens of our cultural word-hoard, and, thanks to you, will continue to do so. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know10 Types of TransitionsWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Agreements on Trade Barriers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Agreements on Trade Barriers - Coursework Example The most common way of limiting the number of imports into a country is to increase the taxes levied on imports. These taxes are increased by the government with the aim to ensure that the demand for local goods is promoted and the demand for international goods is decreased. When taxes on imports are increased, the cost of imported goods increases thus the domestic consumers find the locally produced goods cheaper which in turn aids local producers. One example of tariffs is the Tariff Act of 1930, this act was put into action to decrease imports and increase consumption of locally produced goods and services as the US was experiencing the Great Depression during that time (ILIAS, 2008, p.2). Tariffs are even levied on exports to limit the outflow of resources as well as locally produced goods, but these tariffs have mostly hurt local businesses due to which they are quite rarely applied. Another policy that has been put into a position to reduce the imports of goods and services is restricting the number of particular goods and services being imported. When the number of goods being imported into a country is restricted, the imported good becomes short and the prices of these goods increase locally due to which domestic consumers see locally produced items as a favorable option. For example: during the era f 2010, Mexico restricted the amount of sugar being imported into the country to two hundred and fifty tons (SCHMITZ, 2005, p.212).The above-stated trade barriers are direct trade barriers levied by a country on imports and exports of goods and services. Countries even use indirect means to restrict the import of international goods and services. These restrictions are levied in face of standards of goods and services being imported by a country. For example, the US has restricted imports of those goods and services in which child labor is involved. Due to this, those countries that use child labor to produce goods and services can not export their goods an d services to the US. The first world countries have a practice of dumping their old products or used products in third world countries at cheaper prices, due to which the locals of third world countries find these goods more favorable and they heavily import used products. The governments of third world countries have applied restrictions in form of quotas and tariffs to reduce the import of such goods and services to save their local businesses. Governments provide a subsidy to local producers of those goods and services that are being heavily imported. This is done to decrease the cost of locally produced goods and services to make local goods and services much favorable than imported ones.

Military Leadership in the Union Armies Term Paper

Military Leadership in the Union Armies - Term Paper Example The battle continued for four years from year 1861 to 1865 and then ended with the surrender of the Confederate and outlawed slavery throughout the Country.1 Union party was served by more than 2.2 million military men, whereas approx 1.4 million people fought from Confederate side. The military personnel had gained professional military education and worked under the leadership of officers from diverse backgrounds. These military officers were professionally trained West Pointers, businesses persons and political officials. Initially confederate had strong leadership, but Union had led by poor commanders. Later on, Union replaced such officials and employed adept and potential military men who had command experience, thereby brought victory to the Union.2 This paper analyzes battlefield strategy and leadership of Military officials in Union Army which led the forces to defeat Confederate men. The US Civil War never faced shortfall of enthusiasm because many young people wanted to jo in the army in 1861. All these people volunteered because they were excited to fight in defense of the Union military force, in anticipation of quick promotions as lead by their experience. The trouble created in the process of volunteering was a severe lack of leadership, planning and organization at the loftiest levels.3 The American Civil War supplied a multitude of commanders and sensible comparison amid battle conditions and issues. The Union military army had a specific requirement for efficacious armed combat commanders during the Civil War and those commanders and officers were essentially needed to be specifically educated and well trained to lead the people in war which would in turn defend and uphold the new nation. This unique need was realized and understood by government and politicians, so they made efforts for military training.4 Though, all military leaders had not developed through gaining formal military education and training. Many cells of professional officials were formed by the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and the United States Military Academy at West Point. These cells were comprised of professional military officers who had complete knowledge of military science so as to create an intense impact on the demeanor of the American Civil War. Throughout the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln was the President of United States and at the same time served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Union armed forces, the highest-ranking military officer .5 The military personnel had the authority to elect the junior officers, whereas the state governors nominated the senior officers, and the President Lincoln nominated the generals.6 The significant military leaders for the Union army included Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, George B. McClellan, George Meade, John C. Fremont, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, Irvin McDowell, and Winfield Scott.7 This paper throws light especially on the role played by Generals George B. McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, George Meade, and William T. Sherman. During the American Civil War, George Brinton McClellan was a major general. He served as the general-in-chief of the Union Army for a short period from November 1861 to March 1862, and coordinated the renowned Army of the Potomac. In the beginning of the war, McClellan’s attempts for raising a well-trained and devised army for the Union had been very important. Peninsula Campaign initiated by McClellan in 1862 got failed, as his army receded due to

Asset Manager Discussion Post 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asset Manager Discussion Post 3 - Assignment Example The two questions will assist in determining the best investment plan for the customer, one that will suit his income, expenses, and the plans he has (Mentz, CWM, CAM & CTEP, 2009). Considering the client has an interest in portfolio, it is essential that he consider diversifying his investments. The move is critical because of risks of loss of investments in the future. For this case, the client will combine investments with negative or low correlations and eliminate some risks unique to a given portfolio. Another way of handling speculative risks is through insurance, which gives the investors an assurance of safety of their wealth (Godfrey, 2005). The companies work in a way that they compensate clients in cases of a loss. It is a means of ensuring financial stability and continuity of business. If the customer wishes to have a guaranteed financial safety, he should consider insuring his invested property. It, as a result, follows that risks are inevitable for all investments, which planners must plan to curb in the process of advising

Teacher Performance Assessment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teacher Performance Assessment - Case Study Example For example, he uses the words abuelita and abuelito to refer to his grandmother and grandfather. There is evidence of his poor writing and oral skills in his writing about the family and oral response respectively. Most of his sentences are incomplete, and his spoken words have a weak structure.   Student activity or instructional strategy presented on the second day could be challenging to Guillermo. The instructional strategy demands the student to hold a discussion based on the defining features of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. The activity also requires the entire class to design a chart that will highlight the features of each and every rock that will be discussed. Every student will be required to cooperate during every stage of the discussion. In addition, all groups of students who cooperate during the discussion will be provided with additional ten rocks. The students will be required to arrange the rocks into different categories on the basis of their characteristics. Afterwards, the students will draw a picture that is appropriate and write matching paragraph about the features of the different rocks. These are metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks. The reason I chose the activity or learning strategy employed on the second day is because of the student’s poor writing and oral skills. Guillermo reads English that is two years below his fourth grade level. This will make it difficult for him to efficiently participate in a discussion based on the defining features of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks (Scriven 23). He will face several challenges when grammar that is technical is used during speaking or writing on the rocks. In addition, the student is socially shy; this will also hinder his active participation during the discussion. His poor writing skills will also isolate him when the rest of the students are making a chart for the rocks that are being studied. The

What do you expect from leadership in a Non profit organization such Essay

What do you expect from leadership in a Non profit organization such as a Church - Essay Example Let us discuss the roles of readership in a non-profit organization, such as, a church. One of the roles that leadership can play in churches is to motivate church administration to provide best available facilities to the people who come to offer prayers. â€Å"A non-profit organization exists to serve some need or group of people† (Meyers, 2012). The fact is that when people coming to churches to offer prayers and to get spiritual relief will get all facilities and a peaceful environment, they will continue coming there and a religious culture will continue to develop. Therefore, leaders need to motivate administration to do the best they can for the people coming to churches. Another role that leadership can play in churches is to motivate priests to preach Christianity from their hearts and souls. Priests are the sources of inspiration for people to whom people look for religious guidance. They need to do this to convey true messages of Christianity to the followers. The fact is that in the present world, economic and social situations have become so much complex that there need to be some people who should be able to neutralize the feelings of anxiety, anger, and resentment in people. Churches can perform this role very effectively by arranging religious programs to refresh spiritual and religious self of people. The aim of non-profit organizations is to provide free of cost services to people (Tatum, 2012). In churches, leadership should play the role of servant leaders who can see the bigger picture of the issues by considering both positive and negative aspects of social and religious issues, social constructs, and moral perceptions. â€Å"The servant leader understands that power is to serve others and not for self-aggrandizement† (Mark, 2011). Humility, trust, empowerment, and service are the virtues that should be there in a church’s leadership. Some core responsibilities of a church’s leadership should be to provide

The effect of human resource management on an organisational Dissertation

The effect of human resource management on an organisational performance - Dissertation Example The research will employ the use of case study technique and the organisation that has been selected for this study is the Accenture Plc. Therefore, the researcher will focus on measuring the true effect of Accenture’s human resource management on improving the performance of the company. According to Mathis and Jackson, the roots of human resource management can be traced back to the industrial revolution whereby companies started engaging in mass production for commercial purposes. Therefore, there was an urgent need of hiring more employees to the extent that even children were introduced into the work environment without any consideration to their ages. During this particular, the human resources/ workers have proved to be a critical part of an organisation, but there was little known about effective human resource management and this contributed to widespread violation of employees’ rights. This because the labor sector had not been fully formalized and therefore, there was no formal regulatory framework for the sector. Stewart and Brown stated that the numerous industrial strikes that characterized this era were attributed to the widespread violation of employees’ rights that was going on in nearly all of the manufacturing companies. DeGraff further added that employees’ plight during this era was denoted by low wages and poor working conditions. In the present world, effective human resource management is a source for organisation’s competitiveness meaning that it directly affects the performance of organisations. ... he employees received more focus from the management of the companies in order to avoid future strikes, which had proved detrimental to the companies that were affected. Factors that marked the emergence of effective human resource management included the abolishment of child labour, development of labor unions, and strategic recruitment and selection of workers. DeGraff (2010) further added that the studies by Fredrick Taylor on lean manufacturing sparked an interest on the actual contribution of the workforce on an organisation’s productivity and this resulted to workers been acknowledged as a significant part in the productivity of an organisation. In the present world, effective human resource management is a source for organisation’s competitiveness meaning that it directly affects the performance of organisations. 1.3 Accenture Plc Accenture Plc is a multinational company that specializes in outsourcing, technological services, and management consulting. The consu ltancy services cover five operating groups that include resources, products, health and public services, financial services and communications and high-end technology. The company has employed over two hundred and sixty thousand employees who are based across at its wide branch network. In the United Kingdom, the company has ten office locations of which three are in London (Harmon, 2012). The Company boosts of unrivaled experience, unmatched capabilities wide across all business functions and industries. The business model of Accenture is to collaborate with their clients who include 94% of the fortune global 100 and even a big percentage of the fortune global 500 to ensure they become profitable as well as high performers (Harmon, 2012). Over the past years, the company has been keen on

What do you expect from leadership in a Non profit organization such Essay

What do you expect from leadership in a Non profit organization such as a Church - Essay Example Let us discuss the roles of readership in a non-profit organization, such as, a church. One of the roles that leadership can play in churches is to motivate church administration to provide best available facilities to the people who come to offer prayers. â€Å"A non-profit organization exists to serve some need or group of people† (Meyers, 2012). The fact is that when people coming to churches to offer prayers and to get spiritual relief will get all facilities and a peaceful environment, they will continue coming there and a religious culture will continue to develop. Therefore, leaders need to motivate administration to do the best they can for the people coming to churches. Another role that leadership can play in churches is to motivate priests to preach Christianity from their hearts and souls. Priests are the sources of inspiration for people to whom people look for religious guidance. They need to do this to convey true messages of Christianity to the followers. The fact is that in the present world, economic and social situations have become so much complex that there need to be some people who should be able to neutralize the feelings of anxiety, anger, and resentment in people. Churches can perform this role very effectively by arranging religious programs to refresh spiritual and religious self of people. The aim of non-profit organizations is to provide free of cost services to people (Tatum, 2012). In churches, leadership should play the role of servant leaders who can see the bigger picture of the issues by considering both positive and negative aspects of social and religious issues, social constructs, and moral perceptions. â€Å"The servant leader understands that power is to serve others and not for self-aggrandizement† (Mark, 2011). Humility, trust, empowerment, and service are the virtues that should be there in a church’s leadership. Some core responsibilities of a church’s leadership should be to provide

Modern dance Essay Example for Free

Modern dance Essay 1. What are the innovations of Isadora Duncan, Denishawn, Martha Graham, and Cunningham. Discuss these in relation to style, technique and theory. Many Historians say that Isadora Duncan was the first dancer to present modern dancing to the public. Duncan felt that the pointe shoes and costumes that ballerinas wore were to restrictive. She began to dance in a way that seemed to be more natural to her. Her inspirations came from the movements of the tress, the ocean and other forms from nature. Her techniques included hopping, swaying, skipping and running. She felt these type of movements were natural and expressive. Also, the history of the Greeks inspired her to dance barefoot and wear tunics similar to those of Greek style. Isadora Duncan paved the way for all modern dancers and choreographers who were to follow her. Learning About Dance pg. 61-62 Denishawn was a dance school created in 1915 by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn. Denis and Shawn were greatly inspired by different cultures, especially the Asian cultures. Although the dances Denishawn performed werent authentic, they were still able to bring other countries dance views to American audiences. The purpose of Denishawn was to educate the total dancer. Meaning to bring together the body , mind and spirit. Learning About Dance pg. 62-63 Martha Graham developed a technique known as contracting and releasing through the center of the body. This technique can be seen throughout many of her dances. Graham would create dances that dealt with psychological issues. She would use themes relating to American life, Greek Mythology, American Pioneers and American Indians. Learning About Dance pg. 6371 Merce Cunningham was the first choreographer to not use traditional choreographic methods. He developed a new style of choreography. He did not believe dance had to have a certain storyline or theme. His theory of dance revolved around the idea of movement for movements sake. He felt that any part of the body can be used and the music, costumes design, lighting and the movements all have their own identity. He thought a dance can be about anything , just as long the main idea is about the human body moving.. In his dances he uses chance and indeterminacy methods. He uses these methods because he feels it helps him to break old habits and create exciting and new movements in dances. By using these methods what a dance is one night might be something else by the next night. Learnig About Dance pg. 65-66 2. In depth discuss one of these artistic personas (one of four). Include the art themes, and society of the time, as well as the particular contribution to dance history. Modern dance began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It came directly as a revolt,what was understood as the restrictions of ballet. Isadora Duncan, (1877-1927), is given the credit of being the first dancer to present modern dancing. Other dancers, such as Loie Fuller and Maud Allan did perform dances that were new and different also. But, Duncans reasons for creating and moving were different to those of Allans and Fullers. Duncan began to feel that the costumes and pointe shoes were to restricting, after years of ballet training. She left technical training and began to dance in her way. She felt her new way of dancing was more natural. These natural movements came to her from different forces of nature. Like the swaying of trees and the ocean. Her technique included movements such as skipping, running, hopping and swaying. These movements were not only natural, but also expressed her. Her inspiration dancing barefoot and wearing tunics came from the history of the Greeks. The tunics did not confine her movements and they also showed the beauty of the female body. Duncan was also known as a rebel to many Americans. She found fame in parts of Europe and Russia, from 1907-1927. You could call Isadora Duncan the mother of modern dance. Isadora went out to free the body from the restrictions of ballet and created a truly modern form of dance. She began to show dance as the art of liberation. Learning About Dance pg. 61-62 pg. 70

Admissibility of Confessions

Admissibility of Confessions Discuss a challenge to the admissibility of confessions on the basis of oppression seems to require a high degree of police impropriety thus will rarely be established. Confessions made during questioning are seen as powerful indications of guilt and characteristically lead to conviction; 98% of cases in which suspects confess result either in a guilty plea or a conviction following trial.   As such, legal representatives of suspects who have confessed are unlikely to secure acquittal unless the confession is excluded from the evidence before the court.   Issues of inadmissibility are determined prior to trial in both magistrates’ and Crown courts and must be based on sections 76 or 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Section 76 of PACE concerns the admissibility of potentially unreliable confession evidence in criminal proceedings and section 76(2) states that confession evidence is inadmissible if it was obtained by oppression or in circumstances that are likely to make it unreliable.   Section 76(8) defines ‘oppression’ as including ‘torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the use or threat of violence’. The courts have required high degrees of impropriety by the police before ruling confessions inadmissible due to oppression.   One such case was the Cardiff Three who were convicted of murder on the basis of the confession of one suspect, Stephen Miller, after protracted periods of police questioning described by the Court of Appeal as ‘hostile and intimidating’.   Given the severity of wrongdoing required before the courts will find that oppression induced the confession and moves towards less aggressive questioning techniques by the police, it is difficult to use section 76(2)(a) to exclude a confession. The ground identified in section 76(2)(b) is more fertile for rendering confessions inadmissible as the courts have identified a range of procedural failures that will be regarded as ‘circumstances likely to make a confession unreliable’.   Any breach of the rules concerning the questioning of suspects will form the basis of a challenge to the admissibility of a confession, even genuine confessions of guilt.   As such, procedural failures concerning the location, timing, duration and recording of an interview will potentially render any confession inadmissible under section 76(2)(b) as will failure to caution.   As research suggests that 10% of police interviews are conducted in breach of PACE requirements, close scrutiny of the behaviour of the police may elicit a basis for the exclusion of a confession if mistakes have been made or liberties taken with the procedural rules.   This also includes situations in which the suspect is offered an inducement such as th e promise of bail in return for a confession.   Care must be taken in asserting such a ground as the basis for the exclusion of a confession as research indicates that such inducements are may be difficult to prove and the courts have taken the view that ‘very few confessions are inspired solely by remorse’ so that other motives such as the desire to be released on bail or the hope of a lighter sentence cannot be used to exclude confessions unless there is clear evidence of misconduct on the part of the police despite evidence that suspects may confess for a variety of reasons other than guilt such as desperation to expedite release to obtain drugs if they are addicts or to protect others. Section 78 confers discretion upon the court to exclude any evidence, including confessions, if reliance upon it would lead to unfairness to the suspect.   Given the emphasis on procedural failures in section 76(2)(b), there is inevitably a fair degree of overlap between these two sections as breaches of PACE as the basis for the exclusion of evidence on the basis of unfairness under section 78.   As such, procedural failures give rise to a dual basis for an attack on the admissiblity of confession evidence.   However, section 78 goes beyond procedural rights and deals with broader issues of fairness so provides a basis upon which an unfairly obtained confession could be rendered inadmissible.   For example, a confession made following a deceptive statement by the police that the suspect’s fingerprints had been found at the scene of the crime was excluded on the basis that it was unfairly obtained although confessions made to other prisoners in a bugged cell were not e xcluded although the practice was heavily criticised by the courts. Both magistrates (in magistrates’ courts) and judges (in Crown courts) have the power to exclude confession evidence as inadmissible on the basis of section 76 and 78.   The question of admissibility of evidence will be determined at a separate hearing to ensure that evidentiary matters are resolved prior to the commencement of the trial.   Section 8A of the Magistrates Court Act 1980 empowers a magistrates’ court to rule on the admissibility of any evidence at a pre-trial hearing if both the prosecution and defence have been given an opportunity to make representations on the issue.   At Crown Court, the matter of admissibility will be resolved by a voire dire, a trial within a trial in the absence of the jury, to determine whether the confession can be relied upon as evidence.   Once the issue of inadmissibility has been raised by the defence, the onus is on the prosecution to establish that the grounds of exclusion under section 76 and 78 are not established.    Overall, a challenge to the admissibility of confessions on the basis of oppression seems to require a high degree of police impropriety thus will rarely be established.   The procedural grounds raised by section 76(2)(b) provide a more viable basis for challenge and, since the incorporation into domestic law of the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, the emphasis on fairness in section 78, which raises the right to a fair trial guaranteed by Article 6, may also be a sound basis upon which to challenge the admissibility of a confession.   However, it is important to remember that the court may be reluctant to exclude confession evidence, particularly if the procedural breach is insignificant in relation to the severity of the offence thus satisfying the statutory requirements is not a guarantee that the confession will be excluded especially in relation to serious crimes such as rape and murder. Case List R v. Bailey [1993] 3 All ER 513 R v. Crampton (1991) 92 Cr App R 369R v. Fulling [1987] 2 All ER 65R v. Mason [1988] 1 WLR 139R v. Paris, Abdullahi and Miller (1992) 97 Cr App R 99R v. Roberts [1997] 1 Cr App R 217 Bibliography Baldwin, J., ‘Police Interview Techniques: Establishing Truth or Proof?’ (1993) British Journal of Criminology 325 Clarke, C. and Milne, R., (2001) National Evaluation of the PEACE Investigative Interviewing Course, London: Home Office Davies, M., (2005) An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, Harlow: Longman Publishing Dennis, I., (2002) The Law of Evidence, London: Sweet Maxwell Hunter, M., ‘Judicial Discretion: Section 78 in Practice’ [1994] Criminal Law Review 558 Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R., (2002) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press May, R., ‘Fair Play at Trial: an Interim Assessment of Section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984’ [1988] Criminal Law Review 723 McConville, M., (1993) Corroboration and Confessions: the Impact of a Rule Requiring that No Conviction Can Be Sustained on the Basis of Confession Evidence Alone, London: The Stationery Office Sprack, J., (2004) A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure, 10th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press

Overpopulation is Not Really a Problem Essay -- Critical Thinking Essay

  Ã‚   Throughout history there have been claims that the world was growing too fast. In the 18th century, it was the Rev. Thomas Malthus with his book Essay on the Principle of Population. Rev. Malthus said that the growing European population would quickly outstrip its available resources. History tells us that Rev. Malthus' speculation was wrong. Following a path similar to that of Malthus, Paul Ehrlich presented us a book entitled The Population Bomb, in 1969. Ehrlich's book predicted that tens of millions of people would starve to death in the 1970s following an inescapable crash in the world's food supply. It also forecasted the elimination of all natural resources and said that the world was in danger of returning to a pre-industrial Dark Age. Again, the prophecy went unfulfilled. Continuing Concern Today, as we near the 21st century, overpopulation, as some may call it, still seems to be a concern. There have been reports that, if the current rate of population growth were maintained, the world will be home to some 694 trillion people by the year 2150, almost 125 times that of today's population (Bender, p. 65). On October 12th, 1999, the world was presented with the associated press headline that the world population counter at the UN topped 6 billion. It is evident that our society is still concerned about the increasing population. The intent of this paper is to prove that there is not, and will never be, according to long-term trends, a situation in which it is impossible to provide everyone on earth a living standard at the subsistence level.    Why didn't the old predictions come true? In 1969 Paul Ehrlich predicted that the world would outgrow its food supply. Ehrlich based his argument on Rev.... ...nology. If the historical long-term trends continue as they have, we will never be stripped of our ability to provide for everyone.    Appendix A Arithmetic vs. Geometric Rate of Increase:   An arithmetic progression increases by consistent numerical values. Example: 1+2+3+4+5+6   A geometric progression increases by a constant percent: Example: 1+2+4+8+16+32 In this case, the number doubles each time (100% increase). Appendix B    The Law of Conservation of Matter states that material is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical reaction.    Works Cited Bender, David, Bruno Leone, Charles F. Hohm, Lori Justine Jones, Population: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1995 Lederer, Edith M., Associated Press Article, October 12, 1999 Carnell, Brian, http://www.overpopulation.com